A P12 file, also known as a PKCS #12 file, is a binary format used for storing cryptography objects as a single file. It is primarily used to bundle a private key with its corresponding public key certificate and any intermediate certificates in the chain of trust. This format is based on the Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) developed by RSA Laboratories. P12 files are commonly used to export and import certificates and private keys between different systems, such as web servers, email clients, and operating systems. Because they contain sensitive private keys, P12 files are typically encrypted and protected with a password to ensure security during transit or storage. They are functionally equivalent to the .PFX (Personal Information Exchange) format used in Microsoft environments. Common use cases include setting up SSL/TLS for websites, signing digital documents, and authenticating users in secure networks or VPNs. The format allows for the secure portability of identity information across various platforms and applications. It is a standard format widely supported by major web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari for client-side certificate authentication, ensuring that sensitive credentials can be moved safely between software environments.